As I wrote this article, two days before the official launch of the iPhone, the pitch of media, pundit, and public anxiety over perhaps the most anticipated new product since Windows 95 had reached a level only Steve Jobs could properly describe—Insanely Great!
At the time, Technorati said there were nearly 189,000 blog postings that talk about the iPhone (in English; there are nearly 305,000 in all languages). Compare that with 39,170 that mention Motorola's RAZR, a phone that was the previous biggest smash hit and which literally put Motorola back in the cell phone business after years of decline.
Every major media outlet has weighed in. The Wall Street Journal, New York Times, USA Today, every computer- or telecom-related industry trade journal has reviewed it. Virtually everyone who's been privileged to receive one of the media samples for review has said it's cool—so cool it almost lives up to its hype. Prospective iPhone customers started waiting in line outside flagship stores in New York Tuesday morning. Like the launches of with videogame consoles or Harry Potter books. But unprecedented for a phone.
So does all this mean runaway success—is the game already won? Or will there be an equal and opposite reaction when possibility and excitement about the future gives way to reality, and inevitable issues arise with service, availability, bugs in functionality, and unfulfilled expectations?
Apple fanatics say it will be successful in the long term because it is ultra-cool, easy to use, a breakthrough in design elegance and software sophistication. Naysayers say nothing could live up to this level of hype, and that when things die down sales will appear lackluster no matter how good they are. Virtually everyone notes the stupidity of getting into an exclusive deal with AT&T and warns that this could be the albatross around the iPhone's neck.
Almost all of the speculation and predictions are based on visceral and emotional reactions, influenced heavily by the reality-dispersion bubble that surrounds Steve Jobs, and by the majority belief that "better" wins.
But if we run with that notion reductio ad absurdum, what exactly does "winning" mean? Assuming that the consensus is that the iPhone is a better phone, does it have to achieve market dominance as a late entrant the way the iPod has in the MP3 player space? Surely it doesn't have to match iPod's 80% market share within five years! There are over a billion mobile phones already in use around the world. Is a 10% or 20% market share strong enough to be considered successful? (The RAZR's share is only around 5%.) Is this even the right yardstick to use?
The iPhone Will Be a Disruptive Winner
iPhone will be successful regardless of the metrics used. It will be successful beyond the expectations of the most enthusiastic pundits. It will be successful beyond what Steve Jobs thinks. It will be successful in spite of the apparent deficiencies that have already been noted in the reviews. It will be successful despite partnering exclusively with a single carrier, and the one most despised in the industry—although this will be the biggest road bump the iPhone faces. It will be successful because it will change the game—actually, it will change many games—and therein lies the secret of its success. It will do all this because it will be disruptive.
But predictions are dangerous. And mine disagree with those of many people whose opinions I respect and whose theories I borrow from. Even though I'm siding with the majority who believe the iPhone will be a big winner, how do I arrive at that conclusion and what exactly makes it disruptive?
Who Disagrees With Me
Before explaining what the highly respected experts are missing, let me first say who some of them are and try to summarize their positions.
Innosight is the consulting company formed by Clayton Christensen to sell management services around disruptive innovation. Clay developed the original ideas and theoretical framework that underlies disruptive innovation in his series of books—The Innovator's Dilemma, The Innovator's Solution and Seeing What's Next. Saying he (or his minions) have it wrong is like saying that the pope isn't Catholic.
In January, after the original announcement of the iPhone, Innosight consultant Jonathan Barrett said:
- At $500 or $600, the price is too high.
- Cingular (now merged into AT&T) is incapable of providing the same high-quality, seamless user experience that Apple customers expect.
- iPhone won't work on 3G high speed data networks—only EDGE or Wi-Fi is supported—so there won't be anything unique or distinctive about the wireless service.
- The deficiencies plus high price point will prevent iPhone from finding a market sweet spot.
- The approach of Apple is a "sustaining strategy" (i.e., incremental innovation of the cell phone), not a disruptive one, positioned against deep-pocketed, long-time industry incumbents that have a lot to lose if Apple wins and will fight fiercely for share.
He reaches his "not disruptive" conclusion while still finding many things to like, such as lack of keyboard, design beauty, novel interface, thinness, and coolness factor.
Mike Urlocker
My colleague, and the CEO of The Disruption Group, has a stronger technology, industry, and investment background when it comes to the iPhone, having been the original analyst at UBS to identify the RIM Blackberry as a disruptive product and the first to recommend RIM as a strong buy. Mike has worked for and advised software companies on marketing strategy, and at UBS he was executive director and member of the global technology and telecom teams.
In his Disruption Scorecard evaluation of the iPhone, again shortly after the original announcement in January, Mike rates it a B- and labels it likely a hit, but not very disruptive. He reasons that the product appeals to people who want status and high design (the coolness factor) and are willing to pay for it, but that it doesn't have much potential to change the game like Blackberry did, or upset incumbent rivals such as Nokia, Motorola, or Samsung.
Laura and Al Ries
Branding and positioning experts Laura and Al Ries (Al Ries and Jack Trout wrote the original book that defined the concept of positioning) take a different tack, identifying the iPhone as a "convergence" product, and the iPod as a "divergence" product. The concepts of divergence and convergence come from Evolution Theory—basically, the idea is that there is a common origin to all species, but that over time the "tree of life" diverges as natural selection creates specializations to adapt to the environment.
Similarly, Al and Laura (and other pundits too) argue that the natural trend for all products is toward divergence and specialization to better suit consumer needs. They claim the iPod was successful because it was a divergence product. Moreover, they argue that most "convergence" products fail—convergence being when multiple feature categories are combined in a single product (in iPhone's case, an iPod, cell phone and PDA).
Their position is that consumers prefer products that are optimized to do one task well, rather than a lot of tasks poorly, and they further claim that the iPhone has been over-hyped and most over-hyped products fail to live up to expectations, therefore the iPhone will be a failure.
Hmmmmm.
Miscellaneous
Most of the others who claim the iPhone will be a failure base it on their own personal biases rather than what the market as a whole is likely to do and why—"I'm not going to get one because..." name your complaint here. Price, lack of keyboard, slow data network, AT&T as carrier, touch-screen keys too small to hit accurately, it will have bugs in version 1.0, etc.
So, what are they all missing, and more to the point, what is Steve Jobs really up to?
The Label Problem
One of the problems with evaluating anything analytically is that we get hung up on labels rather than thinking about what the labels mean and why the rules of thumb associated with them usually work. In the case of the iPhone, there are many labels and definitions being applied that are throwing people off the scent of what's really happening, and my belief is that this is deliberate. Yes, Steve is trying to fool the experts and fly below the analytical radar, ironically while mounting one of the most pervasive and successful hype buildups of all time.
To start with, the name iPhone is a mislabeling. While iPhone does indeed have phone capability in it, it is not a phone. Suspend disbelief for a second, walk with me a little, and it will all make sense soon.
Is your laptop PC a phone because you can make GoogleTalk or Skype calls using it? If not, why not? Does it matter that it isn't the only thing you do with it? What if that was the most important thing you did with your PC, because you make a lot of calls to India, and free long distance service is worth a lot to you? Still not a phone? Well, if your PC isn't a phone, is it a typewriter? I know that the primary purpose for my PC is typing documents, blog posts, and html. I print a lot of those on paper. Mine is definitely an evolved typewriter. Or maybe your PC is really a gaming console, or a mobile email device because you use it at home, at work, at Starbucks and at hotels and other Wi-Fi hotspots around the world to send and receive emails. Or, maybe it's just another example of a highly unsuccessful convergence device? Or, do you still think your PC is something else?
The iPhone Is Definitely Not a Phone
So, if you were willing to suspend disbelief and suppose that the iPhone might not be a phone, what is it then? Let's start with why it's called an iPhone. iPhone is both sales positioning and a ruse. iPhone is positioned as a phone because Apple knows that in that niche the market is sorely lacking a stylish, easy-to-use, fun, visual, well-designed, and well-integrated device. It is a first if only because of its elegance. Don't believe me? Then why isn't it really an evolved iPod? One with a really big screen, beautiful graphics and music navigation, and by the way, it includes the ability to make phone calls?
The reason is Apple believes this is the purpose that you will understand out of the starting gate, and for which it can convince people to shell out $500 or $600 to get the most stylish and coolest gadget on the block. Therefore, it is positioned as a phone, and that's the basis on which everyone is analyzing it, and writing glowing reviews; but it isn't a phone. It's also a ruse because Mr. Jobs has a much higher goal in mind than selling the world's coolest phone, but that's an effective way to divert attention from the real disruption that is happening... until it's too late.
Why This Makes Perfect Sense
Let's get a historical perspective to make a little more sense of this. When Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone and tried to sell his patents to Western Union in the late 1870s, how do you think he described what it was? No one had a framework to describe how revolutionary the phone would be as a communications tool. If you wanted to talk to someone, you went across the street, knocked on their door, and if they were at home or in their office you could talk. Initially, outside of the securities industry, people couldn't even understand why they would want a phone. Especially since the first version could only work over short distances due to signal loss on the wires. There was no network, there wasn't any need for communications to be speeded up that much, and nobody else had one, so how much use was it?
Bell considered the telephone to be a way to transmit voice over the telegraph, and that's why he thought Western Union would buy his patents. Bell viewed the telephone, perhaps one of the most disruptive technologies of all time, as an incremental ("sustaining") innovation over telegraphy. (Western Union viewed it as being worth less than $100,000, since it rejected the offer to buy the patents for that much; it later tried to buy them for $25 million.) Do you consider your telephone today to be a highly evolved telegraph? If you can imagine that, what about your cell phone, or is it different because it's mobile? What then of the iPhone? Just a space age telegraphy device with no keys or dials?
The important thing to note here is that in the early days it is difficult to imagine the application and importance of disruptive innovations if they really are, because no one has a framework to understand its value. That's why the car was positioned as a horseless carriage. That's why TV was radio with pictures. That's why the first computer was called ENIAC—or the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator. That's right, it was a calculator that cost 200,000 man hours to build, $486,804 in 1946, and used $650/hr worth of electricity to sit idle https://www.annonline.com/interviews/990629/facts.html. Sometimes the original naming belies the importance of an innovation. If not for the need to calculate missile trajectories more quickly and accurately during the war, the first computer might never have been built.
And what of convergence versus divergence? Most consultants and branding experts will tell you that convergence as a strategy almost always fails, because the more things you combine into one, the more compromises you have to make in design, and each individual function is sub-optimized at the expense of the whole. In disruption theory, a parallel idea says that as companies continually add sustaining innovations to better meet the needs of mainstream consumers and/or differentiate their products, they eventually overshoot the needs of most of their customers. Convergent products usually exceed the needs of all but a small minority of any prospective customer base. After all, who needs every tool on a Swiss Army knife?
That's the theory, but the reality is that when you try to apply simplistic labels to categories or products and then assign attributes or success factors based on those labels, you can miss the forest for the trees. In the case of convergence versus divergence, this is especially true since which bucket you assign a product to varies based on whether the combined elements are truly synthesized in such a way that they cannot be separated and provide the same benefit, or whether they are just bolted together and not really integrated to optimize overall performance.
Ask yourself whether the combination of radio technology, speakers, and a cathode ray tube to make a TV represents convergence or divergence? Is it the evolution of radio, or are the elements synthesized in such a way that they create something truly new? If I turn on the TV, but listen to it from another room, is it still a TV, or is it a radio? Did the TV fail because several technologies converged? What about personal computers?
So what is the iPhone, and what is Steve really up to?
The iPhone is disruptive because it isn't really a phone, or for that matter, an iPod. If it were either of these, then as cool and elegant and nicely designed as it is... it would still just be an incremental or "sustaining" innovation.
Remember that the iPhone has a complete version of the Mac's OSX operating system embedded, plus it lacks a keyboard and has a truly novel interface with seamless integration between different functions. With all that, it can be considered the first truly personal handheld entertainment and communications computer. It can also be considered the first handheld business computer powerful enough to replace a notebook for road warriors tired of lugging all their paraphernalia through airport security. In other words, it competes in a different class of products—not as a phone, not as a smart phone, and not as a computer.
It serves the unmet or underserved need for lightness, simplicity, ease of use, true integration and is simple enough that my mother could use all the features without thinking about each one's being a different application or device. Competing against laptops, it doesn't yet have all the applications my PC has, but it is "good enough" that many will be ready to give it a try. And, there are already numerous applications you can download to enhance the functionality for your needs, and many more business applications (especially things like Bluetooth connectivity to a real keyboard, document editing, spreadsheets and presentation capability) which will run in Safari are likely to come. And, when compared to a laptop, it is disruptively inexpensive. Analogous statements are true if you evaluate it as a personal communications and entertainment computer.
This is, I think, what the huge excitement is about. People innately sense that this is much bigger than a phone; they just aren't yet able to articulate what is significant about it, and how we'll look back on Friday June 29, 2007 as one of those days when everything changed.
And, it looks really cool and I desperately want one.
Steve's End Game
The iPhone is a Trojan horse. Steve lost the first battle between the PC and the Mac because he was less sophisticated as a businessperson in those days and didn't fully appreciate how difficult it would be to convince the masses that they needed an expensive personal computer before they had even used one at work. In 1984, the Mac exceeded the needs of most potential customers and looked like a toy to business (unless your business was about graphics or publishing). The DOS-based PC was the "good enough" disruptive innovation of its time because it catered to mainframe users used to buying computing equipment from IBM and used to looking at green-screen character-oriented terminals.
This time it's different. Almost all of us use PCs daily. And most of us are tired of the now clunky-seeming interface that isn't much different from or easier to use than the initial Mac interface of more than 20 years ago. And, we desperately need a single, small, pocket-sized device that can handle all our business needs while on the road and enable us to leave our 10 pound paperweights at home. Something that's easy to get through airport security and makes my life less complicated.
Moreover, at the price point of $500 or $600, this is something that every road warrior can afford today, if only as a style accessory. So the decision won't be made or inhibited by corporate IT departments. Sure, they'll try to block connectivity to their servers on security grounds—they always do, because they think computers are about them, not about the users' needs. Of course, the iPhone includes VPN connectivity, and most have already got their heads around that. But so many executives will have these that just as with the Blackberry before it, the iPhone will gain corporate acceptance very quickly.
And once you've adopted the iPhone as your traveling computer, how much of a jump will it be to make your next notebook/desktop for office use a Mac?
My Prediction
As a phone, the iPhone will be exceedingly popular. If production can keep up with the demand, I believe that Apple will sell more than two million before yearend 2007—and if they can scale fast enough and have a new version out in time for Christmas, maybe as many as five million. Steve Job's stated target is 10 million sold by end of 2008. Given that there will probably be at least two more versions of this product before that, I believe 10 million is a very low estimate, set so that expectations can be smashed—again, it will depend how fast production can gear up to handle demand and support several different models, but 20 million should be easily reachable.
As additional business applications start coming online, probably early to mid-2008, expect sales to really take off. We will no longer be judging the iPhone as a phone when that happens, but as a true micro-mini-sized PC that revolutionizes the entire tech industry and rejuvenates innovation throughout Silicon Valley. At that point, the iPhone will disrupt Blackberry, Nokia, Motorola, Microsoft, Samsung, and maybe even Nintendo (to name a few).
(Also see Seth's prediction page.)
Postscript
And, what about AT&T? Well, that truly is Steve's Achilles Heel. AT&T is brutish about customer service, slow to innovate, and slow to reform. It will try to extort every possible advantage in pricing and contractual obligation that it can. AT&T knows nothing if not how to exercise a monopolistic advantage.
Moreover, AT&T lacks the broadest service coverage, and no single carrier (in the US, at least) is right for everyone. We all know that signal strength and dropped calls vary based on where you spend most of your time. So if you live in an AT&T dead zone, tough luck. Its EDGE network is slow, and it doesn't have anywhere near complete-enough coverage with its 3G services (which aren't built into this version of the iPhone anyway).
It's hard to understand why Jobs wouldn't let the market decide whether he wasn't going to lease his own service. With a single carrier that many will be unhappy with, Apple will take the brunt of service complaints—if I could go anywhere, I'd blame the carrier, not Apple. Verizon has the best coverage and fewest dropped calls. T-Mobile has the best customer service, best rates, and happiest customers. Maybe AT&T (Cingular at the time) was the only one willing to play ball on the technology changes that Steve wanted.
Regardless, if service complaints and customer mistreatment stories start hitting the press, expect a negative backlash that could take a serious bite out of sales growth and long-term success. On the other hand, wide-scale Wi-Max is a technology whose time may well have come—it would make perfect sense for independent Wi-Max providers to bathe cities in their signal, and then AT&T could become almost irrelevant in the equation (if Wi-Fi VOIP capability exists).
iPhone Stats
- iPhone-Related Searches Generate 2MM Click-Throughs to Apple.com
- iPhone Then and Now: Fewer Willing to Buy; More Willing to Pay
- US iPhone Searches Up 583%, Traffic to iPhone Site Up 185%
- Survey: High Awareness, Strong Demand for Apple iPhone
Other Links
- iPhone Q + A
- iPhone facts from Engadget
- Vote for the iPhone: Hit or Miss
- Microsoft Surface vs iPhone???
- Consumerization of IT: iPhone Skirmishing Begins
- Apple Innovation Blog
- Apple Introduces Safari for Windows
- Safari Beta for Windows Tops 1 Million Downloads in First 48 Hours
- RIM versus Apple, Integration versus Modularity
- iPhone Application List
